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英语翻译2.1.1LegalrecognitionandevidentialvalueofdatamessagesThefirstquestioniswhetheradatamessagecanbetreatedasadocumentandwhetheritbeacceptedasevidenceincourts.Inmanycountries,(bothcivillawandcommonlawsyste

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英语翻译
2.1.1 Legal recognition and evidential value of data messages
The first question is whether a data message can be treated as a document and whether it be accepted as evidence in courts.In many countries,(both civil law and common law systems),computerised records are generally admissible as evidence.For example,the English courts have recognised other means of passing on information than paper documents.In Derby & Co v.Weldon (No 9) (1991) Vinelott J.held that the database of a computer,in so far as it contained information capable of being retrieved and converted into readable form and whether stored in the computer or record in backup file,is a document for the purposes of the High Court rules governing discovery of documents.
The ‘best evidence rule’ requires presentation of the best available evidence.In the case where there is an original document,a data message may not be accepted as the best evidence and may be considered as hearsay evidence.However,in the case where there is no original document,a data message or a computer print-out could be considered as the best available evidence .
A solution to the problem given by the Model Law is provided in article 4 that information should not be denied effectiveness,validity or enforceability solely on the grounds that it is in the form of a data message .Article 8 also provides in reference to admissibility and evidential value of data messages in any legal proceedings,that nothing in the application of the rules of evidence shall apply so as to prevent the admission of a data message in evidence on the ground that it is a data message,or if it is the best evidence that the person adducing it could reasonably be expected to obtain,on the grounds that it is not in its original form.Article 8 is intended to make it clear that no matter how the ‘best evidence’ or ‘hearsay’ rules apply to data messages,they will not alter the legal recognition and evidential value of such data messages.
2.1.2 The requirement of a ‘writing’ or a ‘document’
The requirement of a ‘writing’ or a ‘document’ is imposed or implied by laws in most jurisdictions.In Australia,for example,the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1991 (Cwlth) defines the term ‘contract of carriage’ as ‘a contract of carriage covered by a bill of lading or any similar document of title …’ The definition of ‘document’ provided in Section 25 of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901 (Cwlth) includes:
‘(a) any paper or other material on with there is writing;
(b) any paper or other material on which there are marks,figures … having a meaning for persons qualified to interpret them; and
(c) any article or material form which sounds images or writings are capable of being reproduced with or without the aid of any other article or device.’
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2.1.1法律上承认和证据价值的数据电文
第一个问题是是否有数据电文可以视为一个文件,它是否被接纳为证据在法庭上.在许多国家,(包括大陆法系和普通法系统) ,电脑记录,一般接纳为证据.例如,英国法院已认可的其他手段传递信息比纸质文件.在德比郡公司诉韦尔登( 9号) ( 1991 ) Vinelott学者认为,数据库的计算机,只要它包含的信息能够被回收并转换成可读形式,以及是否存储在计算机或记录备份文件,是一个文件的目的高等法院规则发现的文件.
的最佳证据规则,要求介绍了现有的最佳证据.在那里的原始文件,数据电文不得接受最好的证据,并可能被视为传闻证据.然而,在案件