英语翻译美国语言哲学家GRICE1967年提出了“合作原则”（cooperativeprinciple）.其中包括了数量准则,质量准则,关联准则和方式准则.然而,在人们的交际过程中,人们总是不能遵守甚至是违反这些

Question

英语翻译
美国语言哲学家GRICE 1967年提出了“合作原则”（cooperative principle）.其中包括了数量准则,质量准则,关联准则和方式准则.然而,在人们的交际过程中,人们总是不能遵守甚至是违反这些原则.后来,英国语言学家LEECH 提出了更完善的礼貌原则和准则.包括以下六个准则：
1、\x05得体准则（TACT MAXIM）：减少表达有损于他人的观点 （1）尽量不让他人吃亏 （2）尽量多使别人得益
2、\x05慷慨准则（GENEROSITY MAXIM）:减少表达自己的观点 和上面相反
3、\x05赞美准则（APPROBATION MAXIM）减少表达对他人的贬损 （1）尽量少贬低别人 (2)尽量多赞美别人
4、\x05谦逊准则（MODESTY MAXIM） 减少对自己的表杨 和上面相反
5、\x05一直准则（AREEMENT MAXIM）减少自己与别人在观点上的一致 （1）尽量减少双方的分歧 （2）尽量增加双方的一致
6、\x05同情准则（SYMPATHY MAXIM）减少自己与他人在感情上的对立 (1)尽量减少双方的反感 （2）尽量增加双方的同情
总之,从利奇的礼貌原则中我们可以得出这样的结论：说话人说话时尽量多给别人多一点的方便和尊重,尽量让自己多吃一点亏,这样才能获得对方对自己的好感,才能促使双方在交流中都可以彼此尊重
在中国,从20世纪90年代以来就非常重视礼貌语言的研究,顾曰国教授根据中国历史文化背景和中国人日常交际的特点.提出了汉语礼貌五准则：贬己尊人准则；称呼准则；文雅准则；求同准则；ma.这五条准则主要突出了在汉语言文化交流中的尊重（rRESPECTFULNESS）;谦逊（MODESTY）、态度热情（ATTITUDINAL WARMTH）和文雅（REFINEMENT）.
总之,汉文化中 贬己尊人准则和称呼准则是最为重要的.这两个准则反应了中国人对人的尊重和谦逊,也反应了中国人的传统美德.总之,这两个准则最能体现中国人礼貌的典型特征和习惯.

Answer 1

The American language philosopher GRICE in 1967 and raised "cooperation principle" (cooperative principle).Including the quantity standard,quality standards,correlation rule and the way criteria.However,in people's communication process,people always can't abide by even the violation of these principles.Later,the linguists LEECH puts forward more perfect politeness principles and criteria.Including the following six criteria:
1,decent standards (TACT MAXIM) :the reduction in damage to express the views of others (1) try not to let others suffer (2) as far as possible much benefit to others
2,generous standards (GENEROSITY MAXIM) :reduce express his views and it instead
3,praise standards (APPROBATION MAXIM) reduce expression to others (1) derogatory debased others less as far as possible (2) as far as possible much praise others
4,humble standards to reduce certain constraints (MODESTY MAXIM) to your own table Yang and it instead
5,have been standards (AREEMENT MAXIM) reduce our and other people in the viewpoint of the same (1) try to reduce their differences (2) try to increase both sides of the agreement
6,SYMPATHY standards (SYMPATHY MAXIM) reduce his feelings with others in the opposition of the (1) try to reduce both parties dislike (2) try to increase the SYMPATHY of both sides
All in all,from the's politeness principle,we can draw the conclusion:to speak to give other people a little more of the convenient and respect,as far as possible let oneself have some more losses,such ability from each other for their affection,can urge both parties in communication can respect each other
In China,since the 1990 s have paid more attention of polite language study,gu yue countries according to Chinese history professor cultural background and the characteristics of Chinese daily communication.Put forward the Chinese polite five criteria:would have honour people criteria; Call criteria; Elegant criteria; Seek the common rule.Ma.This article five main highlighted in Chinese rule of respect for cultural exchange (rRESPECTFULNESS); Humility certain constraints (MODESTY),attitude enthusiasm (ATTITUDINAL WARMTH) and elegant (REFINEMENT).
All in all,the Chinese culture and people have almost standards and call standards is the most important.The two standards of the Chinese people's reaction to respect and humility,and the traditional virtues of the Chinese reaction.In short,the two standards can manifest the typical features of Chinese polite and habits.