阅读下面的短文，并根据所读内容，在文章后的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填1个单词。TheChinesewerethefirstnationofpeopletousesurnames(姓)about2,500yearsago.Westerncou

Question

阅读下面的短文，并根据所读内容，在文章后的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填1个单词。
　　The Chinese were the first nation of people to use surnames(姓) about 2,500 years ago. Western countries did not start to use them until about 1,000 years ago. Until that time, people were simply known only by their given names.
　　In England, this was not a problem until the French invaded(入侵) in the 11th century. During this period, most English names became unpopular and only a few popular names were available, such as William, Henry, John, Robert, Richard and Thomas. Finally, people had to start taking a surname to distinguish(区分) themselves from each other. Today, everyone in English-speaking countries has a surname, but where did they come from?
Father's name　　Often a son got his surname from his father by adding “s” or “son” to his father's given name. Robertson, Williamson, Jackson. Thomson, Richardson, Roberts, Williams and Richards are all common surnames.

Occupation(职业)　　Other surnames came from a person's job such as Cook, Smith, Gardener, Baker, Shepherd, Taylor, Butcher or Carpenter. So the local baker may have been called Henry Baker, the local carpenter William Carpenter and the local smith Henry Smith.Location　　Sometimes people took names of some places for their surnames, for example, the name of their village. Often people were given the name of a physical feature(特征) near their home such as Hill, Field, Wood, Brown or Green. The man who lived by the wood might be called Jack Wood and the man who lived on the top of a nearby hill might be called John Hill.Characteristics
　　Often, the other people in the village gave a person his surname. If a person had an unusual physical characteristic, it became part of his name. So, a man who was unusually short might be called John Short or John Little. If he was tall, he may have been called William Tall or William Long. Other common nicknames(绰号) were White(for grey hair), Red(for red hair) and Stout(meaning fat). A son or daughter might inherit(继承) a nickname as a surname even if they themselves did not share the particular characteristic. They probably disliked it but they just had to put up with(承受) it! Of course, over the years many of these surnames have changed slightly but many are still used today even though most people have forgotten their meanings.

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Answer 1

【分析】1. 由文章第二段可知，公元十一世纪，英国人开始给自己的名字加姓，以便与其他人相区别。begin/start to do sth. 开始做某事。
2. Father's name下面介绍说儿子的姓通常是在父亲的名字后加“s”或“son”，因此儿子的姓是Jackson，则父亲的名字(given name)是Jack。
3. 由Occupation下的内容可知，有一些人的姓来自他们所从事的工作。
4. 一个当地的厨师可能会被叫做William Cook。
5. living place生活的地方
6. 由Location下内容可知，一些人根据自己居住的地方或是周边自然景观来为自己取姓。
7. 文章最后一个小标题是Characteristics。
8. 一个人不寻常的身体特征也可以作为人的姓。
9. 由文章最后一段可知，有时孩子们并不喜欢从父辈那继承来的姓。
10. 文中原话是... even if they themselves did not share the particular characteristic(即使他们没有与父亲一样的不同寻常的特征)。也就是说即使子女和父亲的特征不相同，根据上一代的特征命名的家庭姓氏依然要继续下来。