一个语法问题Oilrigshavetoberepairedfrequentlyanddivers,whooftenhavetoworkindarknessahundredfeetunder,havebeenfrightenedoutoftheirwitsbygiantfishbumpingintothemastheywork.这里的bumping是什么成分,为什么

Question

一个语法问题
Oil rigs have to be repaired frequently and divers,who often have to work in darkness a hundred feet under,have been frightened out of their wits by giant fish bumping into them as they work.
这里的bumping是什么成分,为什么用ing
now they have had special cages made to protect them from these monsters.
made to是动词吗,made前面怎么没有to

Answer 1

此处的bump相当于一个修饰语,作伴随状语,由于bump和fish是主动关系,所以用-ing形式.
当make是主动语态时是不加to的,只有被动语态时要加,就象你说的那个例句,make和cages是被动关系,所以要补加不定式to.
你所说的两个问题是同样的道理,多做一些就行了.