请英语高手来帮我翻一下这部分论文.急啊!StatementofProblemandImpact:Tubing,catheters,andsyringesareafundamentalaspectofdailyhealthcareprovisionforthedeliveryofmedicationsandfluidstopatients.Thedesignofthese

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请英语高手来帮我翻一下这部分论文.急啊!
Statement of Problem and Impact :
Tubing, catheters, and syringes are a fundamental aspect of
daily health care provision for the delivery of medications and
fluids to patients. The design of these devices is such that it is
possible to inadvertently connect the wrong syringes and tubing
and then deliver medication or fluids through an unintended
and therefore wrong route. This is due to the multiple devices
used for different routes of administration being able to connect
to each other. The best solution lies with introducing design features
that prevent misconnections and prompt the user to take
the correct action.
Other causes or contributing factors include:
Luer connectors. Used almost universally in a variety of
medical applications to link medical devices, including
fluid delivery (via the enteral, intravascular, spinal, and
epidural routes) and insufflation of gas (in balloon catheters,
endotracheal cuffs, and automatic blood pressure
devices), they have been found to enable functionally
dissimilar tubes or catheters to be connected.
Routine use of tubes or catheters for unintended purposes.
This includes using intravenous (IV) extension
tubing for epidurals, irrigation, drains, and central lines
or to extend enteric feeding tubes.
Positioning of functionally dissimilar tubes used in patient
care in close proximity to one another. For example,
use of an enteral feeding tube near a central intravenous
catheter and tubing.
Movement of the patient from one setting or service
to another.
Staff fatigue associated with working consecutive shifts.
Tubing and catheter misconnections can lead to wrong route
medication errors and result in serious injury or death to the pa-
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tient. Though these errors are highly preventable and can often
be easily averted, multiple reports of patient injury and death
from such wrong route medication errors indicate that they occur
with relative frequency (1-7). This includes erroneous administration
routes for aerosols.
In the United States of America (USA), nine cases of tubing
misconnections involving seven adults and two infants have
been reported to the Joint Commission’s Sentinel Event database,
resulting in eight deaths and one permanent loss of function
(8). Similar incidents have been reported to other agencies,
including the ECRI Institute, the United States Food and
Drug Administration, the Institute for Safe Medication Practices
(ISMP), and the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Data from
these groups reveal that misconnection errors occur with significant
frequency and, in a number of instances, lead to deadly
consequences (9,10).
The most common types of tubes and catheters involved in the
cases reported to the Joint Commission are central venous catheters,
peripheral IV catheters, nasogastric feeding tubes, percutaneous

Answer 1

报表的问题和影响:管材、导管、或注射器是一个基本的方面日常保健规定的药物和交付液体来治疗病人.这些装置的设计,可能不经意地连接错误的注射器、管材然后将药物治疗或流体通过一个意想不到的,因此错误的路线.这是...