英语翻译一．口译的定义翻译有笔译和口译之分.在英语中,从事笔译的人被成为translator,而从事口译的人则被称作interpreter.不论是笔译还是口译,都是用一种不同的语言来解释和再现原话的意

Question

英语翻译
一．口译的定义
翻译有笔译和口译之分.在英语中,从事笔译的人被成为translator,而从事口译的人则被称作interpreter.不论是笔译还是口译,都是用一种不同的语言来解释和再现原话的意思内容.
笔译是通过笔头,即书面或文字形式,把一种语言表达的思想内容用另一种语言来再现.口译则是一种通过口头表达方式,将所听到或读到的信息准确而又快速的由一种语言转换成另一种语言,进而达到传递与交流信息之目的的交际行为,是人类在跨文化,跨民族交往活动中所依赖的一种基本的语言交通工具.
口译是一种特殊的口头交际手段,其任务是在不同语言、不同文化的交谈者之间发挥桥梁和纽带作用,使交谈双方感觉不到语言障碍而自由地进行思想交流.人类的口译活动不是一种机械的将信息的来源语符号转换为目标语符号的“翻语”活动,而是一种积极的,始终以交流信息意义为宗旨的,具有一定创造性的“译语”活动.口译不仅是语言活动,而且还是文化活动,心理活动和社交活动.
二．口译的种类
口译就其工作方式而言一般可分为即席翻译（consecutive interpretation）和同声传译（simultaneous interpretation）两大类.讲话人说完一句话、一段话甚至一整篇后,由译员在现场立即译给听众的口译方式就叫做即席翻译,也称交替传译或连续翻译.讲话的时间可以从几秒（几十个字）到几分钟（几百乃至几千个字）不等.讲话与翻译交替进行.这种翻译方式主要用于两种情况：一是正式会见、政治会谈、外交或商务谈判、公务交涉、大会发言、学术交流、新闻发布会、记者招待会、宴会祝酒、开幕式、闭幕式、法庭辩论、情况介绍会等正规场合,译员往往要借助笔记进行口译；二是接待、礼宾迎送、陪同、参观、游览、宴会、购物、娱乐、生活安排等日常会话中,译员通常凭记忆进行口译.同声传译则是讲话人一面讲,译员一面译的口译方式.同声传译主要用于国际会议.同声传译可以分为三种情况：一是会议传译,即译员利用大会会场的电化设备,在传译箱里通过耳机收听讲话人的讲话,马上又通过话筒译给听众,几乎与讲话人同步,最多比讲话人慢几秒钟：二是视译（sight interpretation）,即译员一面看原文讲稿或书面材料（如讲话稿）,一面译出材料的内容.一般要求译员不停地看,不停地译,而不是看完一句译一句；三是耳语传译（whispering）,即译员把会议上听到的话,立即小声地译给身边的一两个人听.讲话人不停地讲.耳语翻译一般对原讲话有较大的压缩与概括.这种传译也称“咬耳朵”翻译.
就工作性质而言,口译可以划分为外事翻译、军事翻译、商贸翻译、医学翻译、联络翻译、会议翻译、法庭翻译、技术翻译、展览翻译、导游翻译、生活翻译等等.它们各有特点,在此不再叙述.

Answer 1

A.the definition interpret
The translation separates the pen translate and interpret.In English,the person,who be engaged in a person who translate to be become translator,but be engaged in to interpret,then is called interpreter.In spite of is that the pen translates to still keep interpret,is all meaning contents which explains and reappears original words with a kind of different language.
Pen's translate is to pass a nip,namely writing form or writing form,use another language of a kind of thought contentses of language expression to reappear.Interpret 1 kind to then pass an oral communication expression method,hear or the information for read be again accurate but quickly convert to°from a kind of language another language,then attain to deliver and communicate the social intercourse behavior of the purpose of information,is mankind at cross-cultural,across race association an activity in a kind of basic language pileup depend on.
Interpret is a kind of special oral communication social intercourse means,its mission is at different language,dissimilarity culture of of confabulation exertive bridge and Niu take a function and make confabulation both parties felling not arrive language barrier but at liberty carry on thought to communicate.The mankind interpret an activity is not converting the source language sign of information as target language of a kind of machine sign of"turn over language" activity,but a kind of aggressive,always with communicate information meaning for aim of,have a certain creation of"translate language" activity.Interpret not only is a language activity,and still cultural activity,mental activity and social intercourse activity.
Two.the category interpret
Interpret generally can is divided into two major types:on-the-spot translation(consecutive interpretation) and simultaneous interpretation(simultaneous interpretation) in regard to its work method.Talk the person say finish a words,a words even a whole after,from translate the member on the spot and immediately translates to be called an on-the-spot translation for interpret of audience's method and also call that the alternation interpret or continuous translation.Time of talk can not wait from several second(several ten words) to several minutes(several 100 is to several thousand words).Talk to carry on with translation alternately.This kind of translation method mainly useds for two kinds of circumstances:While being to formally meet,political talks,diplomacy or business negotiation,official business negotiation,conference speech,the academic exchanges,news conference,press conference,party wish wine,opening ceremony,closing ceremony,law court to argue,circumstance introduction would etc.regular situation,translate a member to usually need to ask for help of notes to carry on interpret;Two is a reception,gift guest to face to send,accompany,visit,sight-see,party,shopping,amusement,life arrangement etc.daily conversation in,translate a member memorization to usually carry on interpret.Simultaneous interpretation then talks person's a side to speak,translate a member a side to translate of interpret a way.The simultaneous interpretation mainly useds for an international conference.The simultaneous interpretation can is divided into three kinds of circumstances:Interpret while being a meeting,then translate the electricity that the member makes use of conference assembly hall to turn an equipments,listen to talk a talk of person through headphones in interpret the box,and translate to the audience through a words tube right away,almost with talk a person synchronously,most compare talk a person slowly for several seconds:Two is to see to translate(sight interpretation),then translate a member a side to see original text speak draft or written material(if talk a draft),a side translates a contents of material.Generally request to translate a member to keep see,keep translate,not finish see 1 translating 1;Three is to whisper to interpret(whispering),then translate the words that the member hears a meeting,immediately and in whisper translate to nearby of 12 people listen to.Talk a person to keep speak.Whisper a translation generally to compress and generalize towards talking at first biggerly.This kind of interprets to also call to"whisper" a translation.
Work property but speech,interpret can divide the line to translate for the outside matter,military translation,company Mao translation,medical science translation,contact translation,meeting translation,law court translation,technique translation,exhibition translation,guide translation,life translation etc..They are each to have a characteristics and no longer describe here.