英语翻译Literacyis,however,morethanaclusterofskillstaughteitherseparatelyorembeddedinlearningtoreadlargerunits.Literacyismorethansimplylearninghowtoreadandwrite.Attheconnotative(inferential)level,aliterateperson--

Question

英语翻译
Literacy is,however,more than a cluster of skills taught either separately or embedded in learning to read larger units.Literacy is more than simply learning how to read and write.At the connotative (inferential) level,a literate person--a "man of letters"--not only knows how to use letters but how to share in the fruits of a literate culture.Literate people read and write to learn.They use their abilities to read and write to explore ideas,gather information,and reflect on and profit from the debates,histories,wisdom,and theories collected in printed material.In a report prepared for the Ford Foundation,Hunter and Harmon (1979) captured the spirit of literacy as:
The possession of skills perceived as necessary by particular persons and groups to fidfill their own self-determined objectives as family and community members,citizens,consumers,job-holders,and members of social,religious,or other associations of their choosing.This includes the ability to read and write adequately to satisfy the requirements they set for themselves as being important for their own lives; the ability to deal positively zdth demands made on them by society; and the ability to solve the problems they face in their daily lives.(pp.7-8)
Learning opportunities designed to help students read and write to learn becomes increasingly important during the late elementary grades and is a major preoccupation of instruction during the middle school and high school years.Students read to explore ideas in the sciences,the social sciences,and literature.They read to learn about history,geography,biology,physics,and chemistry,and they explore the human drama as they read Judy Blume and Shakespeare.As their abilities become more sophisticated,students are encouraged to distinguish fact from fiction,fact from opinion,and to judge and criticize ideas embedded in print.Students write to communicate messages that express their reflections and opinions.They learn to write essays to convince,reports to support a research hypothesis,and stories and poems to reflect their ideas and feelings about experiences.Effective literacy instruction encourages students to participate in the dynamic social give-and-take inherent in using writing to develop and share ideas in academic as well as practical situations.

Answer 1

然而,读写能力不仅仅是教导个别用法或者放入文章去学习阅读.读写能力不仅仅是学习读和写.在内涵(推理)水平上,有文化的人——一个“文人”——不仅知道如何用字母,还知道如何分享文学成果.识字的人通过读和写来学习.他们用自己的读写能力来探索思想,收集信息,并从辩论、历史、智慧和已发表的理论中反思受益.在一份准备福特基金会的报告中,Hunter and Harmon (1979) 总结的文化的含义是：拥有这项技能被当做是特定的个人和组织作为家人和社区的成员,公民,消费者,公务员以及社会、宗教、或其他自己选择的团体的一员去完成他们自己决定的目标的必要的手段.作为对于他们的生命很重要的能力,这包括读和写的能力来充分满足要求他们成就自己的需要;读写能力可以解决人们在社会中积极地需要；并且能够解决日常生活中遇到的问题.7-8(页).
在初级教育阶段后,为学生学习阅读和写作创造学习机会已经越来越重要,而且是在中学和高中阶段的一个主要关注的事项.学生阅读科学、社会科学、文学来探索思想.他们阅读学习历史、地理、生物、物理、化学.他们阅读莎士比亚和朱蒂布鲁的作品来探索人类戏剧.当他们的能力变得更加复杂,学生被鼓励去区分真实与虚构,事实和观点,并判断和批判已发表的刊物.学生写交流信息,去表达他们的反映和意见.他们学写短文去说服别人,学写报告去支持研究假设,学写故事和诗歌来表达他们的思想和对经历的感受.积极的读写能力教导能够鼓励学生去参加到有活力的社会之中,用写作来建立和分享学术思想和实践情况.