英语翻译“真正的语言有语言的抑扬顿挫的神气,这就是语调,有了语调,方才成为一种活的语言.”[7]英语是英调语言,有着自己的特点,语调的升降即语言模式一种复杂的语言表示形式,具有很强

Question

英语翻译
“真正的语言有语言的抑扬顿挫的神气,这就是语调,有了语调,方才成为一种活的语言.”[7]英语是英调语言,有着自己的特点,语调的升降即语言模式一种复杂的语言表示形式,具有很强的传递思想感情信息的功能,同样的一个词,一句话,用不同的语调的话,表达的效果,含义就不一样了.英语语调大体可以分为升调、降调、降升调、升降调这四种.位于句末的每种语调的含义有这重要的作用,有些甚至包含整句话的意思.
\x05例如,A：She is a nice girl.
\x05 B:Yes.
\x05以上例子中,如果B回答的语调是降调,则表达是赞同A的说法,即她是个好女孩.如果B的回答是升调,则表达相反的意思,不确定甚至否定她是个好女孩.
靖州方言语调无规律可循,相对于英语语调的升降调而言,“城厢片话”的特点之一就是音调平稳起伏小,即语调较平坦,平缓,因此靖州语调和英语语调有着很大同.一直生活在靖州方言环境下的英语学习者,对英语语调相对不敏感,很多时候会自觉不自觉的将英语句子套用靖州方言读出来,说起英语来就显得格外生硬,缺少声调起伏,缺乏美感.然后,靖州方言中的几乎每个字平均用力,气息平缓,但是英语中却有明显的重读音节,大部分单词都有属于单词内部的重读,如beautiful['bju:təfəl] 、divide[di'vaid]、 guarantee[,gærən'ti:].靖州人容易因方言中没有而导致重音把握不准确甚至忽略重音,该重读的没有,不该重读的又省略掉,这样听起来感觉似像非像,总之不在调上.而且,“汉语属于音节节拍语（syllable-timed language）,”[8]即以音节数目为主计算节拍,每个汉字之间无论如何调整读音的轻重缓急,总要占用差不多相等的时间；“英语确是重音节节拍语(stress-timed language),”[9]以重音为主计算节拍,每两个重读音节之间所占的时间大致相等.因此,作为汉语言中的一种,靖州方言节奏感也没有英语那么强烈,更加没有意群的划分和停顿,使靖州人读起英语时语调总那么不地道,觉得怪怪的.
（一）对英语语音负迁移作用的解决策略
“在口语教学中,特别是基础阶段,很有必要对母语和英语的发音系统及语音系统进行针对性的对比分析,弄懂这两种语言在发音上的相同与不同之处,在习得过程中利用正迁移,尽可能的避免负迁移作用.”[10]在学习英语过程中,首先要重视英语国际音标,正确的把握各个音素的发音位置,发音方法,必须认识到学好音标是说得一口流利标准英语的最基本条件.其次,要多听多练,熟能生巧.听得多,自然而然就会发现英语发音和本族发音的异同点,经常有意识地模仿跟读,更能培养英语语感,就会排除汉语拼音和方言的干扰,讲出来的英语就有了“英语味”,不会再是干干的,没有语调的中国腔英语了.
\x05 （二）对英语语法的负迁移作用的解决策略
对于“城厢片话”对英语语法的负迁移作用,最科学有力的方法是减少用本地方言对英语进行思维.用靖州方言的思维定势,语法规则很难正确地理解英语,更别说用英语表达思想了.因此,靖州人在英语学习过程中要尽可能的避免用方言的思维去“理所当然”的进行思考.必须要从思想上认识到英语是一门新的语言,不仅对新的语音词汇进行学习,同时也要学习它的新的语法规则.因此,减少本地方言对语法的负迁移作用就是正确的对待英语学习,是把英语当成一新生事物,认真夯实,从零开始学习,培养建立属于英语学习的思维习惯,真正做到用属于英语的规则来运用英语.

Answer 1

"The real language has language the intonation of air, this is the tone, tone, have become a living language." [7] English is the language, English has its own features, the rise and fall of intonation that language model of a complex language, have very strong expression of thoughts and feelings of the information transfer function, the same one word, the word, and the word with different tone, the effect of expression, meaning is different. English intonation can be divided into rising tone, falling tone, JiangSheng tone, lift tuning the four. Located in at the end of a sentence of the meaning of each tone has the important effect, some even have the whole words mean.
For example, A: She is A nice girl.
B: Yes.
In the example above, if B answer tone is falling tone, the expression of A agree that she is A good girl. If B answer is rising tone, the expression of the opposite meaning, not sure even denied she is a good girl.
JingZhou dialects spoken erratic follow, relative to the rise and fall of intonation in tone, "words" of the residences is one of the features and small, smooth tones that are flat intonation, gentle, so JingZhou intonation and intonation with has the very big. Had been living in JingZhou dialect environment of English language learners of English intonation relatively insensitive, many will consciously or unconsciously English sentence to the will JingZhou dialect read it, spoke English is especially hard, lack of tones, lack of ups and downs aesthetic feeling. Then, almost every word of the JingZhou dialect hard, breath gently, average in English but are obvious stress syllable, most of the words are words belongs to the internal stress, such as their bju: [' ə t f ə l], divide vaid], [di 'standard, g æ r ə [n' ti:]. JingZhou people easy for dialect not to grasp the inaccurate stress even ignoring stress, this stressed no, shouldn't the stressed and leave out, it sounds like a feeling like the like, a word not move on. And, "Chinese belong to beat language (syllable syllables language),"-timed [8] is to give priority to beat, the number of syllables calculated each between Chinese characters no matter how to adjust the pronunciation priorities, total takes up almost equal time; "English is really heavy syllable stress-beat language (timed language)," [9] to stress calculation beat, as every two stressed syllables of time between the roughly equal. Therefore, as one of the Chinese language, JingZhou dialect rhythm no English so strong, no more meaning group division and pause, make JingZhou people read the English intonation total so not tunnel, feel strange.
(a) to English speech negative transfer function solutions
"In oral English teaching, especially at the stage, it is necessary to the native language and English pronunciation system and audio system for specific analysis, understand the two languages in the pronunciation of the same in the acquisition process make good use of the positive transfer, as far as possible to avoid negative transfer effect." [10] in English learning process, first have to pay attention to the international phonetic alphabet, the correct English grasp the pronunciation of each phoneme position, pronunciation methods, must recognize that I learn it well is become fluent English is the most basic conditions of the standard. Next, want to listen more to practice, practice makes perfect. Hear much, naturally you will find English pronunciation and from the differences and similarities between the pronunciation, often consciously imitation, more can train with read English language sense, will rule out Chinese pinyin and dialect interference, speak English had "English taste", won't is dry, without the intonation of China chamber of English.
(2) of the negative transfer of English grammar function solutions
For "words" of residences for English grammar of negative transfer function, the most powerful method is to reduce the science with the local dialect of English thinking. With JingZhou dialect of thinking, grammar rules it is difficult to understand English, let alone to express in English. Therefore, JingZhou people in English learning process as much as possible to avoid thinking in dialect "taken for granted" thinking. Must be from the thought to know English is a new language, not only to the new voice vocabulary in learning, but also learn its new rules of grammar. Therefore, reduce the local dialect of the negative transfer of grammar effect is the right to English learning English as a, is new things, serious ramming, started learning, up a is English learning habits of thinking, accomplish truly belongs to the English with rules to use English.