英语翻译动物个头越大,疾跑时速度越快?3月20日发表于《生理学和动物生化》（PhysiologicalandBiochemicalZoology）的研究报告显示,事实并不总是这样,并阐明了原因.通常情况下,个头大的动物比

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英语翻译
动物个头越大,疾跑时速度越快?3月20日发表于《生理学和动物生化》（Physiological and Biochemical Zoology）的 研究 报告显示,事实并不总是这样,并阐明了原因.
通常情况下,个头大的动物比小些的动物跑得更快,因为他们的腿更长.但这一说法只在某种程度上成立,陆地上跑得最快的动物既不是最大的动物,也不是最小的,而是介于这二者之间.想想大象,老鼠和猎豹的个头吧.
美国哈佛大学的克里蒙特（Christofer J.Clemente）和他的团队为了研究物种内和物种间是否都有同样现象的存在,选择了巨蜥类作为观测对象.成年巨蜥在个体上相差甚大,是测验个头大小影响速度的理想物种.研究人员选取2到12磅（约0.91至5.44千克）重不等的巨蜥,在它们全速冲刺45英尺（约13.7米）长距离时计时,为拍照记录.最后发现,中型蜥蜴是最快的,并发现了其中的原因.
研究人员利用高速摄像机和在蜥蜴身体上的关键点放置标记,建立出计算机模型,比较了不同大小蜥蜴的跑动步伐.
接着,研究人员着重于调查动物步伐随着身体大小不同是怎么改变的,最后发现步伐的改变与速度改变是一致的.大于某个尺寸的巨蜥,可能是由于块头变大,骨骼和肌肉支撑住身体的能力减小,从而开始改变跑动方式.
在单一物种内测验此类现象,有助于研究人员弄明白为什么最大的动物跑得并不是最快.大型动物彼此在演化上密切相关,所以很难下结论说,速度更慢的原因是个头带来的生物力学问题,还是由大型动物共同的演化历史带来的其他因素.
与多物种间比较研究相比,在同一物种内展开研究更有利于消除演化因素带来的偏差.实验结果显示,大动物跑不快是因为个头问题带来了生物力学上的约束限制,导致跑得更慢.
克里蒙特表示,较大蜥蜴的腿支撑不住他们的身体,他们就得改变奔跑方式,从而使奔跑速度慢了下来.

Answer 1

The larger the animal,the faster it runs?A report published on March the 20th in shows that is not always the case,and illustrates the reasons.
Normally,large animals run faster than small animals because they have longer legs.But this is only true to an extent.The fastest animal on land is neither the largest nor the smallest,but something in between.Just think of the sizes of elephants,mice and cheetahs.
To figure out if the same rule applies to individiduals within a species as well as between species,Harvard's Christofer clemente and his team choose lizards (到底是哪种巨蜥没说么?）as observation targets.Adult lizards vary in size,which makes them the ideal species for a research on how an animal's size affects its speed.Researches choose lizards weighted 2 to 12 pounds,and measured the time they took to run 45 feet at full speed.They found medium sized lizards were the fastest and also the reason for that outcome.
Using fast speed cameras?and markers?on the joints of the lizards,researchers constructed models to compare the paces of different sized lizards.
Then,researchers investigated the relationship between the animal's size and their pace,and found the change in pace consistent with the change in speed.(默默表示这句话没看明白,比较的到底是大小和步伐还是速度和步伐?）Lizards larger than a certain size have more difficulty supporting their bodyweight with their bones and muscles,and have to adjust their running postures accordingly.
Carrying out this experiment within a single species is more advantageous compared to using multiple species because there are less sources of error.The research shows that the size of a large animal brings biophysical restrictions which causes it to run slower.
Bigger lizards can support their bodies with their legs and have to change the way they run,which slows down their speed,says Clemente.