英语语法关于动名词加S,过去分词,动词ing形式,现在分词类的问题.例如下面这篇文章,其在多处有加S和加ed形式的单词,但却不是每处都加,同一个单词有的地方加了有的地方没加,本人英语语法

Question

英语语法关于动名词加S,过去分词,动词ing形式,现在分词类的问题.
例如下面这篇文章,其在多处有加S和加ed形式的单词,但却不是每处都加,同一个单词有的地方加了有的地方没加,本人英语语法在这方面很薄弱,求醍醐灌顶,另外求推荐一本语法书,不要太冗长,也不要太短,要能在20天左右看完的,求推荐~
The chart gives information about post-school qualifications in terms of the different levels of further education reached by men and women in Australia in 1999.
We can see immediately that there were substantial differences in the proportion of men and women at different levels.
The biggest gender difference is at the lowest post-school level.
Where 90% of those who held a skilled vocational diploma were man,compared with only 10% of woman.
By contrast ,more women held undergraduate diploma(70%) and marginally more women reached bachelor's degree level(55%).
While more women reach undergraduate diploma level than men.
At the high levels of education ,men with postgraduate diplomas clearly outnumbered their female counterparts(70% and 30%,respectively),and also constituted 60% of Master's graduates.
Thus we can see that more men than women hold qualifications at lower and higher levels of education ,while more women reach undergraduate diploma level than men.

Answer 1

名词加s是复数,当可数名次的数量大于等于2的时候加s
动词加s和es是一般现在时的第三人称单数.
动词加ed大多时动词过去式用于过去的时间、被动语态（be done）或完成时（have／has done）不过后两者其实式过去分词,有些动词的过去式和过去分词一样.
推荐语法书：金星英语系列的不错.难一点的可以看剑桥中级英语语法（建议买中文版,因为英文版的更看不懂）.不是很贵,当当、卓越、淘宝就能买到.还不错,多花点时间的话20天左右也差能看完.金星是我初中时候看的,比较简单,很清楚.