英语翻译Marxarguedthatcapitalism,atleastinitsearlierhistoricalstages,wasavitalformofeconomicorganizationbywhichsocietygotoutoftherutinwhichthemedievalstageofhistoryhadtrappedit.如何判断bywhich是定主语

Question

英语翻译
Marx argued that capitalism ,at least in its earlier historical stages,was a vital form of economic organization by which society got out of the rut in which the medieval stage of history had trapped it.
如何判断by which 是定主语还是定organization?
这句话中by which 和in which 如何翻译,是嵌套关系吗?

Answer 1

马克思主张说,资本主义,至少在其早起历史阶段,是一种关键的经济体制；正是依赖它,全社会才能破旧立新,从封建社会早已泥足深陷的模式中走出来.
in which=where.
by which,其实是它後面的从句+by,在本句中即“社会破旧立新”+by,意即社会以之破旧立新.那以什麼呢?就是以“资本主义”.