印刷术和纸的发展英语作文

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印刷术和纸的发展英语作文

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The Northern Song Dynasty Renzong Kei year to eight years, namely the 1041 - 1048 years, a man named Bi Sheng invented the movable type printing ordinary workers. According to the record of Shen Kuo "red" in one book, the typography of Bi Sheng can be divided into three main steps: first to in the cement made of cubes inscribed on one word, put bake on the fire, into the living word tao. Usually these pottery living word into a paper bag, in accordance with the pronunciation of vowels in the cell in order. Secondly, in accordance with the manuscript out need Tao living word, row in a piece of iron version, put a layer of wax and word paper ash, on the fire roasted, fat wax is melted, and then another piece of iron version of pressure in the above, so that the literal level, when the iron version - cooling, the row the word is fixed on the iron version, this is the typesetting. The last step is to apply ink printing. Printing is completed, the iron version back to the fire, the fat wax type, can be picked out, and then put it back in a paper bag, row to the wooden house, for reuse.Shen Kuo is younger than Bi Sheng teenager, were contemporaries, but Bi Sheng made pottery type later return to Shen Kuo's nephew all, therefore, the records about the invention of movable type printing Bi Sheng Shen Kuo "dream pool essays" is full and credible. However, some Europeans had attributed to the invention of movable type printing gutenberg. Gutenberg is the West German people. He invented the lead movable type printing, about AD 1440 to 1448 things, more than the invention of pottery printing Bi Sheng spent 400 years too late. Typography is one of the greatest inventions in the human history, is a great contribution to the world culture Chinese. Like any invention creation, Bi Sheng's invention of movable type printing has its social needs, the material basis and the technical conditions. Chinese social progress to the Northern Song Dynasty, the prosperity of economic development, the prosperity of business and culture, all need much more rapidly to the dissemination of information. Movable type printing is to solve the proposed problem arising from the social needs. Printing to paper and ink. Chinese invented paper and oil smoke, soot two kind of ink in the early Han dynasty. The invention of paper and ink and laid the material foundation for the birth of movable type printing. Provide technical conditions method appears the Warring States since the Qin and Han seal and Tuobei copy text, pictures and the invention of movable type printing. As the name implies, printing the "print" word, itself contains a seal and print two meaning; "brush" word, is the name Tuobei inking this procedure. From the naming of printing has revealed it to seal, Tuobei blood relationship. Seal and Tuobei are two origins of printing
As early as fourth Century BC, that is, the Warring States period, private seal had been very popular. It was called "seal". Qin Shihuang out of the six countries to the jade chisel, Chu, seal, "seal" the word has been monopolized by the feudal emperors. The emperor's seal was called Xi, common people had said that India said chapter xi. The prevalence of Han Dynasty seal. The first seal is more concave printed for lute, on paper, then popular, lute gradually lose their effectiveness, watermark instead, convex embossed up. The seal created orthographic method obtained from anti engraved text, embossed seal provides a write back from the embossed text reproduce technology Yang Wenzheng to write text. The seal area was very small and can only accommodate a name or offices and several other characters. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Taoism rose. Taoist school pays great attention to match a record. They carved characters in peach jujube on longer spells, thus expanding the seal area. According to the record in Ge Hong's "baopuzi" in one book, Taoism has a carved 120 word copy. Can be seen at the time have been able to seal it with the way to copy a passage. This is actually a pioneer of engraving typography. Tuobei is another source of printing. The Han Dynasty "deposed 100, confucianism". But then the Confucian classics by scribes dictation, students record. Therefore, different scribes taught the same book also inevitably there will be differences. Han Lingdi light four years (AD 175 years), the government set up a stone will be an important Confucian classic all carved in it, as the Scriptures standard correction. In order to prevent the labour book reproduces from stone, about fourth Century, people invented Tuobei method. Tuobei method is very simple. Put a piece of tough tissue soaked deposited in the stone, and then cast a thick paper with brush water, tapping, recess to the paper into the monument lettering, the date, and then remove the outside of the thick paper, with cotton or silk wadding tempo, dipped in ink, gently and evenly to the tissue brush shoot tissue, etc. after drying off, white and black is the Ta this. This method of Tuobei, with the same properties in block printing, the difference is that a text is concave printed, and engraving printed text is convex embossed. Inscription is intaglio is writing. Tuobei offers the replication technology is to write the text from the intaglio orthography. Later, people put the inscription carved on the board, and then rubbing. Tang Dynasty poet Du Fu in the poem said: "Yishan monument of wildfire burned, jujube biography engraves fertilizer distortion". This and engraving printing has not less.
In the Tang Dynasty, the seal and the Tuobei two methods gradually confluence, which appeared in the engraving printing. Tang Mouzon Changqing four years in December 10th, which in January 2nd 825, the poet Bai Juyi "for the Yuan Zhen Changqing Ji" preface, said at the time of Yang Zhou and Yue State area everywhere have Bai Juyi and his poem "provided the mole, sold or used for tea liquor in the street. "Mole" is published. This is the earliest recorded in extant literature on engraving printing. In 836 ad, according to Tang Wenzong Dongchuan Jiedushi Feng Su report, ordered a ban on each private home calendar version. Feng Su said in his report: "every year the central division of Tiantai haven't played please when promulgated new book, folk private printing has been flying all over the world almanac." Can be seen at the time of the folk wood block printing industry in person is a lot. There is a roll of engraving printing in 1900 found in the thousand Buddha Gansu Dunhuang County hole of books in the "Diamond Sutra", the end title "Xiantong nine years in April 15th two dear Wang Jie Jing made" a word. Xiantong nine years, namely the Christian era 868 years. This is currently found in the world have the exact date of the earliest printed. This book is in the form of paper, approximately 1 feet by 6 feet, 7 sheet bonding. The front is a Fei, the painting is the only Shakya Muni in the tree to the garden alone view scene. The rest are printed "Diamond Sutra" full text. In this paper the graphics and text are very beautiful, carving delicate Daofa, simple and dignified, at the time of publication printing technology has reached a very mature degree. With the rapid growth of the variety and quantity of each printing, printing a book to carve a back board, cost of manpower and considerable. Then, put forward to seek a more convenient, more economical printing technology to the people. Until late in the late Tang Dynasty, has been using a single Buddha printed continuously repeated printed thousand Buddha like roll. In the past Great Britain and France, Germany, Japan and other countries of the archaeological team of Xinjiang has been found in China around this thousand Buddha large like roll. The British Museum has a such manuscripts, a total length of 17 feet, or 5.18 meters, printed above the 468 figure of buddha. In addition, in the engraving process, carved typo is difficult to avoid. If the moment a word wrong nullify a board is too bad, too wasteful. Clever artisans to come up with a remedy, is a wrong word dig a chisel, and then a similarly large wood engraved words fill. These are the invention of movable type printing to provide experience and reference. Thus, although the typography is Bi Sheng's personal invention, but it was really embodies the wisdom of the former dynasties many laborers. The invention of printing
Since the paper, with the development of economy and culture, reading more people up, on the requirement of books has also greatly increased. The early Jin Dynasty, the rulers had a book in twenty-nine thousand nine hundred and forty-five volumes. The northern and Southern Dynasties, he moves in Jiangling have 70000 volumes books, Sui Zhaojia house had a library of three hundred and seventy thousand volumes, this is the collection of records of ancient library of our country the highest. In addition to official collections, more and more private library. For example, Jin Guo too, with a book in five thousand volumes; when Zhang Hua moved, one is carrying
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